- The steam engine has not changes dramatically since the Industrial Revolution
- The first reason was coal, second, wages. If fuel is cheap, then machines can do the work rather than people. Machines are cheaper than people.
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When did the Industrial Revolution take place? The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, What was the Industrial Revolution and why was it important? It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. It was important because manufacturing shifted from in the home to powered, special purpose machinery, factories and mass production. What were some positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution? Some positives were increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, but some negative effects were grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. What was life like before the Industrial Revolution? Before the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were smaller, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. What factors made Britain the birthplace of industrialization? Britain was a politically stable society, as well as the world’s leading colonial power, which meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods. As demand for British goods increased, merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production, which led to the rise of mechanization and the factory system. Define the term “cottage industry” and explain how this system worked. This term defined the textiles that were made in peoples homes with merchants often providing the raw materials and basic equipment, and then picking up the finished product. What is a textile? Textiles are a type of cloth or woven fabric that was mainly produced during the Industrial Revolution. What were some important inventions in the textile industry? How did they change how textiles were made? Around 1764, Englishman James Hargreaves (1722-1778) invented the spinning jenny (“jenny” was an early abbreviation of the word “engine”), a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously. The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton’s (1753-1827) spinning mule, as well as later machines. Another key innovation in textiles, the power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by English inventor Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823). What were some developments in the iron industry that influenced the Industrial Revolution? Englishman Abraham Darby (1678-1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Why was the steam engine important to industrialization? In 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomen (1664- 1729) developed the first practical steam engine (which was used primarily to pump water out of mines). By the 1770s, Scottish inventor James Watt (1736-1819) had improved on Newcomen’s work, and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships during the Industrial Revolution. How did the transportation industry change during the Industrial Revolution? Why were these changes important? Before the steam engine, raw materials and finished goods were hauled and distributed viahorse-drawn wagons, and by boats along canals and rivers. In the early 1800s, American Robert Fulton (1765-1815) built the first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying freight across the Atlantic. As steam-powered ships were making their debut, the steam locomotive was also coming into use. In the early 1800s, British engineer Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) constructed the first railway steam locomotive. What inventions made it easier to communicate during the Industrial Revolution? In 1837, two Brits, William Cooke (1806-1879) and Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), patented the first commercial electrical telegraph. How did banking change during the Industrial Revolution? A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s York Stock Exchange was founded in the early 1790s. Who was Adam Smith and what did he argue? In 1776, Scottish social philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790), who is regarded as the founder of modern economics, published “The Wealth of Nations.” In it, Smith promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the middle and upper classes? Life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges. Wages for those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and monotonous. Unskilled workers had little job security and were easily replaceable. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery. What was life like for the poor and working classes during the Industrial Revolution? Urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep pace with the flow of arriving workers from the countryside, resulting in inadequate, overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was rampant. What happened to the Industrial Revolution after it had transformed Britain? Industrialization spread from Britain to other European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany, and to the United States. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation. Summarize the Section: What were some positive and negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution brought lots of new technology to the work force that is still used today. It made lots of people rich and gave lots of people jobs to provide for their families. Some negative effects were the living conditions for the workers were very poor and in some factories children were used to do the dirty work because they didn't need to get paid much.
These circumstances also happened in other times in history. People have always been treated unfairly. Even now days, people are doing the dirt hard jobs so we can enjoy life. People are doing what ever they can (like working in factories during the Industrial Revolution), to get money for their families. It is important not to think those people are less than us, but to be grateful for them. Choice 1: Finance As you need money for your factory, do you : Invest your fortune into the company with one or two other partners and loan money from the bank; you will have the funds available to build a substantial factory but the risk is higher if you do not keep costs down and make a profit early. Why: We chose this because it is more of an independent way getting money. Also, if you're smart, it would be easy to manage and keep the costs down. Choice 2: Location, Location, Location. As you need a location for your factory, do you : Locate in Kendal where you live. This is a rural area in the north of England. You were born and raised here and worked as a merchant in the domestic system of cotton production. You would have lower set up costs here and ready access to water. It is forty miles to the coast. You would have to build workers houses or attract workers from nearby villages. Life expectancy in this area is twice that of those in the cities. 70% men, 30% woman. Why: We would locate our factory in Kendal because it would be a lot easier to get around and it would be cheaper. Also, your workers will live longer and you don't have to use child labor. Choice 3: Workers As you need a workers for your factory, do you choose: Men: Male workers have been weavers in the domestic system and are highly skilled and would bring a reliable and skilled supply of labor. They are used to reasonable pay and conditions. Why: Male workers are stronger and they get paid more so they should be a little more willing to work. Also, they are highly skilled so the product would be better. Choice 4: Working Hours As you are setting up your factory, you need to decide your hours of operation. Will your workers: Factory would be open seven days a week, with workers having a break in the day and one day off a week. Why: One reason was to give the workers a little bit of a break instead of working 24 hours everyday. Another, was since we were being nice in other aspects we needed to be a little strict about some things. Choice 5: Power As you need to power your factory, do you: Use water power. This is cheap after building a water wheel and sitting your factory near a river. After the set up costs you could have cheap power that is usually reliable but can be affected by the weather. You may need to build other sources of power later. Why: We chose this because our factory location is near a river, and it is a cheap and effective way of providing energy. Choice 6: Living Conditions As you need workers to live close to your factory, do you: Provide the standard slum housing for your workers; two rooms upstairs, two down with no running water and sewers and build them back to back, wasting no space and saving money on land which is becoming expensive. Why: It is an effective way to house the workers, and it is cheap and not very bad to live in. Choice 7: Worker Rights As you set up your factory, do you: -Have a worker council for workers to voice their concerns. -Allow women time off for maternity leave. -Have a worker representative sit on the board of directors to voice concerns of workers and avoid unnecessary strikes. Why: We would want to give our workers some rights so they can be like us, and there aren't as many woman in our factory so it would not be that big of a deal. Choice 8: Efficiency Savings As you are figuring out the logistics of your factory and trying to cut costs to keep your factory competitive, do you: Improve worker productivity , motivate the workers to produce more cotton in the same time. Why: We chose this because it gets stuff done, but it still makes people do things because they know if they don't, there will be consequences. Industrial Revolution Learning Target: I can explain why the Industrial Revolution started in Britain, how it impacted people’s lives at that time and still affects the world today.
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AuthorKate Mills Archives
March 2015
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